Lesson 3
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| Тыва Дыл Kичээллер | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lesson 0 | Lesson 1 | Lesson 2 | Lesson 3 | Lesson 4 |
Tyvan Lesson 3: Describing Things - Тыва Дыл Үшкү Kичээл
 by Stacey Borsody All rights reserved |
Contents |
Dialog - Чугаалажыр
| Олар чүл? | Olar сhül? |
| Олар аъттар-дыр. | Olar a'ttar-dyr. |
| Кандыг аъттар? | Kandyg a'ttar? |
| Олар хүрең аъттар-дыр. | Olar khüreŋ a'ttar-dyr. |
| Каш аъттар? | Kash a'ttar? |
| Чеди аъттар. | Chedi a'ttar. |
| Болар чүл? | Bolar chül? |
| Бо эрги номнар-дыр. | Bo ergi nomnar-dyr. |
| Олар-биле? | Olar-bile? |
| Олар чаа номнар-дыр. | Olar chaa nomnar-dyr. |
Vocabulary - Сөстер
Colors
| кара | ак | кызыл | кызыл-сарыг | сарыг | ногаан | көк | өкпең |
| kara | ak | kyzyl | kyzyl-saryg | saryg | nogaan | kök | ökpeŋ |
Numbers 1-10 - Саннар
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| бир | ийи | үш | дөрт | беш | алды | чеди | сес | тос | он |
| bir | iji | üsh | dört | besh | aldy | chedi | ses | tos | on |
More Adjectives
| улуг биче | ulug/biche |
| аныяк кырган | anyjak/kyrgan |
| бедик чавыс | bedik/chavys |
| узун чолдак | uzun/choldak |
| борбак калбак | borbak/kalbak |
| чаа эрги | chaa/ergi |
| делгем кызаа | delgem/kyzaa |
| изиг чылыг соок | izig/chylyg/sook |
| хоглүг чалгааранчыг | khoglüg/chalgaaranchyg |
| семис арган | semis/argan |
Grammar - Дүрүмнери
Pronouns - ат орнулар
The following chart shows the nominative pronouns. Tyvan does not have grammatical gender so instead of three different words for he, she, and it, only one word (ol) is used.
| мен | men | I |
| сен (силер) | sen (siler) | you (or polite you) |
| ол | ol | he, she, it |
| бис | bis | us |
| силер | siler | you all |
| олар | olar | they |
Many languages have polite forms of address and Tyvan is no exception. Use 'siler' for 'you' when speaking to strangers, elders, or others who you are not on familiar terms with. Siler is also used as a plural pronoun.
Plural nouns - Хойнуң саны чүве ади
The plural suffix has several different forms depending upon vowel harmony and consonant assimilation. It utilizes front/back vowel harmony. The following chart shows examples of the relationship between the sound at the end of words and the consonant to begin the plural suffix with.
| For words that end in a vowel or р г й, use лер/лар. | Front words | чер (land) | -лер | черлер |
| Back words | тыва (tyva) | -лар | тывалар | |
| For words that end in a nasal (м н ң), use нер/нар. | Front words | хүн (day) | -нер | хүннер |
| Back words | ном (book) | -нар | номнар | |
| For words that end in л, use дер/дар. | Front words | өреел (room) | -дер | өреелдер |
| Back words | хол (hand) | -дар | холдар | |
| For words that end in a voiceless consonant (т п с ш к ч), use тер/тар. | Front words | инек (cow) | -тер | инектер |
| Back words | аът (horse) | -тар | аъттар |
Word Order
Subject - Object - Verb
The basic word order of a Tyvan sentence is SOV. Compare this with English SVO. If you used Tyvan word order when speaking English, instead of saying 'I bring the pail', it would be 'I the pail bring'.
Adjectives
Adjectives usually come before nouns. Adjectives do not have a plural agreement with the plural nouns they modify.
| көк куш | kok kush | blue bird |
| ногаан куштар | nogaan kushtar | green birds |
| ак аъттар | ak a'ttar | white horses |
| кара диис | kara diis | black cat |
Names
In full names, the family name comes before the given name. In this way, the family name behaves like an adjective. This conforms to the idea that adjectives come before nouns. Think of the character 'Little John' from the English Robin Hood story.
- Koshkendej Igor
- Tamdyn Aldar
The person/number indicator
In other languages you may have studied, the verb is conjugated to indicate the person (first, second, or third) and number (singular or plural) of the subject. This also occurs in Tyvan, but not always. In these cases the verb needs a word after it in order to communicate this information. This word is called the person/number indicator. It is the same as the pronouns: men, sen, siler, etc. In the below example, you can see the first word is the Subject of the sentence, the second word is the Object, and the final word is the Person/Number Indicator. In this case, -dir is acting like the verb 'to be'.
| Subject | Object | Verb + Person/Number Indicator |
|---|---|---|
| Men | Stacey | -dir men |
| I | Stacey | am |
In sentences with the third person (ol and olar), we don't need to use the person/number indicator.
| Subject | Object | Verb |
|---|---|---|
| Ol | kham | -dyr |
| He | shaman | is |
Interrogative Pronouns - Айтытыгның ат орнулар
| Кымыл - Who is it? Кандыг |
|---|
| Кымыл? | Kymyl? | Who is it? |
| Ол эмчи-дир. | Ol emchi-dir. | It is the doctor. |
| Мен-дир мен. | Men-dir men. | It's me. |
| Ол-дыр. | Ol-dyr. | It's him (her, it). |
| Каш - How many? |
|---|
| Каш ном? Беш ном. | Kash nom? Besh nom | How many books? Five books. |
| Каш аът? Дөрт аът. | Kash a't? Dört a't. | How many horses? Four horses. |
| Каш емчи? Алды емчи. | Kash emchi? Aldy emchi. | How many doctors? Six doctors. |
